Turks & Greeks

Vamik D. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz

Contents

Foreword

by former Ambassador W.Nathaniel Howell
Preface and Acknowledgements

Map 1: The Balkans and the Middle East

1. History through a Psychological Lens

• The Psychology of Large Group Neighbours
• Ethnicity
• Chosen Traumas and Chosen Glories
• The Shaking of the Ethnic Tent

2. Anatolia before the Turks

• Greek Migrations
• Map 2: Seljuk Turks in Anatolia (1243)
• The Persian Wars
• Alexander and Hellenism
• The Romans and Christianity
• Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire

3. From Manzikert to Constantinople-The First Encounters

• The Carusades
• The Beginning of the Ottomans

4. Greek Inability to Mourn over Constantinople

• The Seed of the Megali Idea
• Linking and Unlinking
• Mehmet the Conqueror and Oedipal Themes
• Mutual Curiosity
• Cross-Identification

5. The Mourning Process of the Turksh

• St. Sophia
• The Age of Koca Mimar sinan

6. The Ottoman Empire

• Map 3: The Ottoman Empire
• Institutional Arrangements
• Careers
• Osmanli (Ottoman)
• The Millet System
• The Nineteenth Century
• The End of the Ottoman Empire
• The View of the Turk

7. Togetherness

• Turkoratia
• Turkish Life During the Ottoman Period

8. Separateness

• Klephts, Armatoles, Phanariots, and Merchants
• The Building of a Nation and the Megali Idea
• Greek Nationalism
• Massive Group Projections

9. The Last Century of the Ottoman Empire

• Mahmut II vs. Mehmet Ali
• Tazminat
• Wanton Characterization
• Crete
• Capitulations
• Abdülhamit II and the Young Turks
• The Voyage of the Bandýrma

10. The Turkish War of Independence

• Facing the Greeks.

11. Atatürk and Modern Turkish Nationalism

• Early Childhood
• From Mustafa Kemal to Atatürk
• Atatürk's Personality Organization and his Westernization Efforts
• Kemalism
• After Atatürk

12. The Peace Disappears

• After the 1930s
• Cyprus
• The Aegean Sea

13. The Latest Encounter-The Cyprus Conflict

• The History of Cyprus before the Ottoman Conquest
• The Ottoman Period
• British Rule
• Makarios III and Colonel Grivas
• EOKA and Volkan
• The Republic of Cyprus
• The 'End' of the Republic of Cyprus
• The Birds of Cyprus
• Sampson
• Summer 1974

14. Cyprus after 1974

• Map 4: Present Day Cyprus
• Denktaþ-Makarios Guidelines
• The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
• Legal Opinions, "Real World" Politics and Life on a Divided Island
• Any Solution?

15. Davos and Beyond

• The Gulf War
• Turkic Republics
• Recent Problems

16. Symptoms of Obsession

• The Media
• Diplomatic Contacts
• Contacts Among Citizens
• 'Other-directed' Cultures

17. 'Istanbul' not Constantinople

• The Greek Identity
• The Turkish Identity
• A Comparative Summary
• Assuming Responsibilities
• Notes
• Glossary
• References