Economy - overview:
Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Cairo from 2004 to 2008 aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate growth. Poor living conditions combined with limited job opportunities for the average Egyptian contribute to public discontent. After unrest erupted in January 2011, the Egyptian Government backtracked on economic reforms, drastically increasing social spending to address public dissatisfaction, but political uncertainty at the same time caused economic growth to slow significantly, reducing the government's revenues. Tourism, manufacturing, and construction were among the hardest hit sectors of the Egyptian economy, pushing up unemployment levels, and economic growth remains slow amid political uncertainty, government transitions, unrest, and cycles of violence. Cairo since 2011 has drawn down foreign exchange reserves and depended on foreign assistance, particularly from Gulf countries, to finance imports and energy products and prevent further devaluation of the Egyptian pound, fearing higher inflation from a weaker currency.
GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP (official exchange rate): GDP - real growth rate: GDP - per capita (PPP): Gross national saving: GDP - composition, by end use:
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
Agriculture - products: Industries: Industrial production growth rate: Labor force: Labor force - by occupation:
Unemployment rate: Population below poverty line: Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Distribution of family income - Gini index: Budget:
Taxes and other revenues: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): Public debt: Fiscal year: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Central bank discount rate: Commercial bank prime lending rate: Stock of narrow money: Stock of broad money: Stock of domestic credit: Market value of publicly traded shares: Current account balance: Exports: Exports - commodities: Exports - partners: Imports: Imports - commodities: Imports - partners: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Debt - external: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: Exchange rates:
$551.4 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$541.5 billion (2012 est.)
$529.7 billion (2011 est.)
note:
data are in 2013 US dollars
[see also: GDP country ranks ]
$262 billion (2013 est.)
[see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ]
1.8% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
2.2% (2012 est.)
1.8% (2011 est.)
[see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]
$6,600 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
$6,600 (2012 est.)
$6,600 (2011 est.)
note:
data are in 2013 US dollars
[see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]
12.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
13.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
13.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
[see also: Gross national saving country ranks ]
household consumption:
78.6%
government consumption:
11.8%
investment in fixed capital:
14.3%
investment in inventories:
0.4%
exports of goods and services:
18%
imports of goods and services:
-23.2%
(2013 est.)
agriculture:
14.5%
industry:
37.5%
services:
48% (2013 est.)
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
1.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
[see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ]
27.69 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
[see also: Labor force country ranks ]
agriculture:
29%
industry:
24%
services:
47% (2011 est.)
13.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
12.7% (2012 est.)
[see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ]
22% (2008 est.)
[see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ]
lowest 10%:
4%
highest 10%:
26.6% (2008)
30.8 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 116
32.1 (2005)
[see also: Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks ]
revenues:
$45.57 billion
expenditures:
$80.42 billion (2013 est.)
17.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
[see also: Taxes and other revenues country ranks ]
-13.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213
[see also: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks ]
92.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
88% of GDP (2012 est.)
note:
data cover central government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
[see also: Public debt country ranks ]
1 July - 30 June
9% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205
7.1% (2012 est.)
[see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ]
8.75% (5 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
8.68% (31 December 2010 est.)
[see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ]
11% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
12% (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ]
$47.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
$45.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ]
$191.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
$183.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ]
$163.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
$192.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ]
$63.49 billion (23 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
$58.01 billion (31 December 2012)
$48.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
[see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ]
-$6.035 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
-$9.136 billion (2012 est.)
[see also: Current account balance country ranks ]
$24.81 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
$24.93 billion (2012 est.)
[see also: Exports country ranks ]
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food
Italy 7.9%, India 6.9%, US 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Turkey 5.3%, Libya 4.9% (2012)
$59.22 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$60.26 billion (2012 est.)
[see also: Imports country ranks ]
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
China 9.5%, US 7.6%, Germany 6.7%, Russia 5.3%, Ukraine 5.3%, Turkey 5.1%, Italy 5% (2012)
$17.03 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
$14.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks ]
$48.76 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
$38.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Debt - external country ranks ]
$76.76 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
$75.41 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ]
$6.475 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$6.285 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ]
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -
6.91 (2013 est.)
6.0608 (2012 est.)
5.6219 (2010 est.)
5.545 (2009)
5.4 (2008)